n ^ c 

Bulletin No. ?> 



ni2 



The Institute 
of Industrial Research 

of Washington, D. C. 



Established December i , t9io 



Scope and Organization 




WASHINGTON, D. C. 
January » 1912 




The Institute of Industrial Research 
Corner 19th and B Streets N. W., Washington. D- C. 



Bulletin No. 3 



The Institute 
of Industrial Research 



of Washington, D. C. 



Established December i, 1910 



Scope and Organization 




WASHINGTON, D. C. 

January, 1912 






i3^-< 



T\^2 

I'll! 



ViJ 



PRESENT ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTITUTE 



Allerton S. Cushman, A.M., Ph.D., Director 

Henry A. Gardner, Assistant Director 

N. Monroe Hopkins, M.S., Ph.D., Electrical Engineer 

Chas.A.Crampton, M.D., Ph.C, Food and Drug Expert 

George W. Coggeshall, Ph.D., Chemical Engineer 

Prevost Hubbard, Chemical Engineer 

H. C. Fuller, B.S., Chief Analyst 

M. A. Deviny, B.S., Physicist 

F. E. Walker, B.S., Cement Chemist 

P. H. Butler, Secretary 

W. K. Hartung, Assistant Secretary 

W. G. H. Abbott, Assistant Analyst 

THO^L\s M. Rector, Assistant Analyst 

C. SwAYNE, Mechanician 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES 

Allerton S. Cushman, President 

Henry A. Gardner, Vice-President 

N. Monroe Hopkins 

Charles A. Crampton 

George W. Coggeshall 

Prevost Hubbard, Secretary 

William B. Hibbs 

Eldridge E. Jordan 

Arthur Lee 



General Counsel 

DuANE E. Fox 



PLAN AND SCOPE OF THE INSTITUTE 

THE Institute of Industrial Research was 
founded by Allerton S. Cushman, Henry A. Gardner 
and N. Monroe Hopkins, December i, 1910, as a 
company duly incorporated under the laws of the District 
of Columbia. The articles of Incorporation declare that 
the objects of the corporation shall be : 

"i. To Investigate and Improve processes of manufac- 
ture and to cooperate with manufacturers In the reduction 
of costs and the utilization of by-products and waste. 

"2. To Investigate and improve general metallurgical, 
mining and agricultural operations, so as to Improve their 
efficiency and to disseminate Information In regard to such 
Improvements. 

"3. To study the problems of paint technology, electri- 
cal engineering, and electrochemistry; and to institute 
economies and Improvements in the manufacture of fer- 
tilizers and general chemicals. 

"4. To train and instruct graduates of scientific and 
technical schools and other qualified persons In Industrial 
research, and to aid them In obtaining work for which 
they are particularly fitted; and in general to do and per- 
form every lawful act and thing necessary or expedient to 
be done or performed for the efficient and profitable con- 
ducting of s^id business, as authorized by the Laws of 
Congress, and to have and exercise all powers conferred 
by the laws of the District of Columbia upon said corpora- 
tion." 

The articles of incorporation were purposely drawn so 
as to provide for the expansion and development of the 
Institute's work on the broadest possible lines. The 
branches of the work which have been given the most 
attention Include metallurgical problems, with especial ref- 
erence to the protection and conservation of the industrial 
metals; agricultural chemistry, land and fertilizer prob- 
lems; paint technology in all its branches; food and drug 
problems with especial reference to the Interpretation and 
compliance with Federal and State legislation; chemical 



industry, including the improvement and extension of pres- 
ent processes and the development of new ones; road 
building and paving problems with especial reference to 
specifications, inspections, advice and investigations in co- 
operation with municipalities and other corporations or 
individuals who desire to retain expert assistance, with 
chemical and mechanical testing and examination. Elec- 
trochemistry and electrical and chemical engineering in 
general is also made a strong specialty. Patents and their 
development have proved to offer a field in which the serv- 
ices of the Institute have been useful. Although the Insti- 
tute does not undertake to do the work of patent solicitors 
or attorneys, its location in the City of Washington and its 
broad equipment for investigation enables patent attorneys 
and inventors to avail themselves of special facilities for 
working out their problems. 

The organization of the Institute is built up on the same 
plan as some of the scientific bureaus of the Federal Gov- 
ernment, in which most of the Divisional Chiefs received 
their training through many years of official service. The 
Institute, however, is quite independent of the Govern- 
ment, and is supported entirely by fees and retainers 
received from clients for service rendered. Ordinary 
commercial analytical work and testing is carried on to a 
limited extent, although it is not a principal object of the 
Institute unless the results sought have a direct bearing on 
important development problems. 

Although research must be essentially scientific and car- 
ried on along scientific lines, the intention is to interpret all 
results obtained in a practical way, so that they will be 
useful to manufacturers and others who avail themselves 
of the advantages that the work of the Institute offers. 

Many of the great industrial associations of the United 
States have been within the last few years carrying on 
research work as a business asset. It is naturally more 
economical for such association's to avail themselves of an 
organization and equipment already complete than to es- 
tablish and endow their own laboratories. Already seve- 
ral of the most important representative organizations 



have completed arrangements with the Institute to carry 
on research work in their respective lines, and the results 
obtained have fully justified this cooperation. 

The laboratories and offices of the Institute are admira- 
bly housed in a new and specially designed building which 
is located on a beautiful site facing on Potomac Park at 
19th and B Streets Northwest. It is very near the Bureau 
of American Republics and about five minutes walk from 
the White House. The description of the various labo- 
ratories and their equipment will be found under the chap- 
ter describing the separate divisions of the work. 



REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS 

THE Institute issues from time to time printed bulle- 
tins, circulars and reports containing the results of 
investigation or covering some special field of infor- 
mation. In addition to the printed matter, typewritten 
reports are furnished to clients on special investigations. 
Following the practice of the best laboratories, such re- 
ports are ordinarily submitted with the understanding that 
they are not to be used for advertising purposes except in 
cases in which special arrangement to this end has been 
made and in which due regard to dignity and ethical prin- 
ciples has been taken into consideration. 

The building contains a large lecture hall, which also 
serves the purpose of a library and demonstration room. 
It is equipped with lantern Balopticon and projector. This 
room is available without charge as a meeting place for 
technical committees of various learned societies meeting, 
in Washington. 



10 




Library, Lecture, and Demonstration Hall 



DIVISION OF METALLURGY 

ALLERTON S. CUSHMAN, A.M., Ph.D., in Charge of Division 

THE Division of Metallurgy Is prepared to under- 
take work in all problems In the line of metallurgy, 
Including the mining, chemistry and evaluation of 
fuels and Industrial minerals. Special attention and study 
have been given to corrosion problems and methods of 
overcoming these difficulties. Although not strictly speak- 
ing a metallurgical problem, examinations and reports on 
water supplies are handled In this Division. This work is 
taken up in both the sanitary and industrial phases of the 
subject, and includes sewage and drainage problems. In 
many cases the rapid corrosion of boilers and metallic con- 
tainers Is principally due to the character of the water sup- 
ply, which may easily be modified by proper treatment. 
Refrigeration engineering and boiler practice introduce a 
number of problems which only the trained chemical engi- 
neer, with a full laboratory equipment at his service, can 
hope to solve. The conservation of metals and minerals 
of all kinds, the utilization of by-products and saving of 
wastes are among the subjects of great importance, on 
which the advice and work of this Division is frequently 
called for. 

The Division of Metallurgy Is under the direction of 
Dr. Allerton S. Cushman, assisted by the general staff of 
the Institute. Dr. Cushman took his Bachelor's degree In 
chemistry at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, under 
Professor Leonard KInnicutt, In 1888. He then went to 
Germany and studied metallurgy under Professors Richter 
and Ledebur, at the Royal School of Mines in Freiberg, 
Saxony. He also studied for a time In the laboratory 
under the celebrated Professor Bunsen, at Heidelberg Uni- 
versity, Bavaria. After some years' professional practice 
and teaching in the West, he went to Harvard University, 
where he took his Master's and Doctor's degrees, under 
Professors Jackson, Hill and Theodore Richards. For 
three years Dr. Cushman worked under Dr. H. W. Wiley 
in the United States Bureau of Chemistry, and was then 

12 



made Assistant Director of the United States Office of 
Public Roads In Charge of Chemical and Physical Investi- 
gations, which position he held for six years until Novem- 
ber, 1 910. 



13 



DIVISION OF PAINT TECHNOLOGY 

HENRY A. GARDNER, in Charge of Division 

THE Division of Paint Technology is under the 
direction of Mr. Henry A. Gardner, Assistant Direc- 
tor of the Institute, who is well known as a writer and 
authority on paint problems. Mr. Gardner has acted as 
Director of the Scientific Section of the Paint Manufac- 
turers' Association of the U. S., and has been for many 
years in charge of the laboratory experimental work that 
has been carried on by this Association. This work, which 
now forms one of the chief activities of this Division, is 




Corner of Paint Testing Laboratory 

being continued under Mr. Gardner's supervision in the 
specially designed and thoroughly equipped paint labora- 
tories of the Institute, where every facility is afforded for 
its prosecution in a thoroughly practical as well as scientific 
manner. 

The extensive exposure tests in different sections of this 
country, which were designed to determine the comparative 
merits of protective coatings and paint products for various 

14 



structural materials, are being continued and inspected 
from time to time in order that reports and bulletins may 
be issued and information distributed. Additional system- 
atic exposure tests have recently been undertaken by this 
Division on the Institute grounds at Washington, in con- 
junction with important laboratory researches to determine 
the physical and chemical properties of oils and oil mix- 
tures. 

This Division does not undertake the examination or 
commercial analysis of proprietary brands of paint or var- 
nishes, with the object of furnishing reports or certificates 
regarding their comparative value or relative durability. 
The Division is, however, in a position to carry on research 
work to determine the usefulness of various products as 
paint constituents. Various materials which appear not to 
be suited for certain specific uses, and regarding which 
there is little information on record, are often found upon 
investigation to be subject to treatment that renders them 
satisfactory, or they may be found to possess characteristics 
which make them of great value in certain lines of manu- 
facture. Study of such products, with a view to working 
out methods for their utilization, will be undertaken. 

Advice to engineers, architects or painters regarding the 
better types of protective coatings for the exterior or in- 
terior of buildings is given out from time to time without 
charge, in bulletin form. The regular serial bulletins of 
the Scientific Section of the Paint Manufacturers' Associa- 
tion are still being carried on. 

Consultation upon special problems which demand in- 
vestigation work will be undertaken for clients at charges 
commensurate with the service. The study of oils, oil 
substitutes, thinners, primers, driers, and waterproofing 
compounds represents an important branch of the work of 
this Division, in which its services are available. This 
Division cooperates with the other Divisions in working 
out the best treatment for protecting various materials of 
construction, among which may be instanced protective 
coatings for the industrial metals, particularly iron and 
steel, and cement mortar and concrete structures. 

15 




View of One of the Chemical Laboratories 



DIVISION OF FOODS, DRUGS, AND 
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY 

CHARLES A. CRAMPTON, M. D., Ph.C, in Charge of Division 

THIS Division handles all problems relating to the 
manufacture and marketing of food and drug prod- 
ucts. Within the past few years much legislation has 
been enacted regulating the production and sale of mate- 
rials and preparations intended for use as food or medicine. 
The Food and Drugs Act and the Meat Inspection Act 
under the control of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, the Oleomargarine Law, the tariff acts relating 
to tea, and the inspection of antitoxine manufactories 
under the Treasury Department, may be cited as instances 
of Federal laws of this character, and most of the States 
have enacted laws governing either dairy products or food 
products in general. These laws, together with the gen- 
eral quickening of the interest of the consuming public in 
the character of the food and medicine with which it is 
supplied, have had a most important effect upon the manu- 
facturers and dealers in such products. Processes of man- 
ufacture, methods of storage, shipment and handling, 
containers, labels, advertising matter, in fact everything 
pertaining to the many industries engaged In this extensive 
commerce, have undergone a tremendous revolution within 
the past few years, and the end is not yet in sight. Pro- 
posed legislation is now before committees of Congress 
which. If enacted Into law, would very greatly extend exist- 
ent governmental control over commerce In food products. 
Impending tariff legislation is also a subject of grave con- 
cern to many lines of manufacture. 

This Division of the Institute is admirably equipped for 
dealing with all matters arising under present or proposed 
laws controlling or regulating the manufacture and sale 
or the importation for sale of food and drug products. It 
will undertake cases for clients before the Board of Food 
and Drug Inspection, the various Departments of the Gov- 
ernment charged with the execution of such laws, and the 

17 



Federal Courts. It will represent Individual clients or 
groups of manufacturers before Committees of Congress, 
concerning Impending legislation, and It will give advice 
to manufacturers and dealers In regard to meeting the re- 
quirements of food control by changes and Improvements 
In methods of manufacture, handling, labeling and mar- 
keting. In addition to matters arising under the various 
laws, the Institute solicits correspondence in regard to all 
possible Investigations connected with the food and drug 
Industries in the direction of improvements, economies, 
utilization of waste materials, development of new prod- 
ucts, etc. Problems common to entire lines of industries 
are particularly desired. An example is furnished by the 
work at present being carried on by the Institute for the 
National Canners' Association. An experimental food 
pack comprising a great many thousand cans of different 
kinds of food products has been put up under test condi- 
tions, both as to the manufacture of the containers and the 
packing and processing of the foods. The object Is to 
study the action of the container on the food, as well as 
that of the food on the container, and thus bring about 
practical improvements in two great Industries. Two of 
the great Government Departments, War and Agriculture, 
are interested in this work, and are cooperating in It as far 
as is possible and proper. Toxicological work is also done 
In this Division, and steps are being taken to include a sub- 
division of bacteriology and fermentology. 

The efficiency of the Division in dealing with matters of 
Government control of food and drug products is greatly 
enhanced by the long experience of the men In charge of 
this work. In the branches of the Government which deal 
with the laws pertaining to such regulation. 

The Chief of the Division, Dr. Charles A. Crampton, 
served twenty years as Chief Chemist of the Internal Rev^e- 
nue Bureau of the Treasury Department, and prior to that 
time several years as Dr. Wiley's principal assistant in the 
Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture. 
While in the Department of Agriculture he participated 
In the Investigations (see Bulletin No. 13) which furnished 



18 



the foundations for the present Pure Food and Drug Act, 
and in the Treasury Department he had charge of the 
technical administration of the laws taxing various food 
-and drug products, such as oleomargarine, renovated and 
adulterated butter, fermented and distilled liquors, sugar, 
etc. He is also thoroughly familiar with customs matters, 
having served on numerous commissions for fixing draw- 
l)ack rates, etc., which equips him for expert work before 
Customs Courts and the Tariff Commission. He is espe- 
cially expert in his knowledge of the operation of the de- 
natured alcohol law, having had charge of its administra- 
tion since its Inception, and having made two trips to 
Europe for the Government in connection with its enforce- 
ment. In addition to his knowledge of the various laws, 
Dr. Crampton is thoroughly qualified to take charge of all 
possible investigations connected with the food and drug 
industries, and his services are available for general work 
involving organic analysis of the highest character. The 
Assistant Chief of the Division, Mr. H. C. Fuller, was 
employed in the Bureau of Chemistry about five years be- 
fore becoming connected with the Institute, during which 
time he testified as an expert witness for the Government 
in many cases of prosecution under the Food and Drugs 
Act. Prior to his connection with the Bureau of Chemis- 
try he was in the employ successively of the large drug 
manufacturing concerns, Mallinckrodt Chemical Works 
and Parke, Davis & Company, for a period of four years. 
He has, therefore, had experience both in practical com- 
mercial work and in Government control work, giving him 
a breadth of training which has fitted him most thoroughly 
for the work of the Institute. 



19 




Cement and Testing Laboratory 



DIVISION OF ROADS AND PAVEMENTS AND 
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 

PREVOST HUBBARD, in Charge of Division 

TWO WELL-EQUIPPED laboratories have been given 
over to this Division, the "Cement and Testing Labo- 
ratory" and the "Bitumen Laboratory." 
The "Cement and Testing Laboratory" is located in the 
basement and is a large, well-lighted room with cement 
concrete floor, measuring 700 sq. f,t. It is equipped with 
the usual laboratory benches and hood, and contains a 
150,000-pound motor-driven Riehle Testing Machine, a 
Fairbanks Cement Testing Machine of the latest improved 
construction, a moist closet, steam chamber, storage tanks 
and mufile-furnace, together with a complete cement test- 
ing outfit. This laboratory is devoted to the physical test- 
ing of cements, rocks, clays, brick, block, iron, steel, wood, 
rubber and other materials of construction. 

The "Bitumen Laboratory" is located in the southeast 
corner of the second floor, and is twelve by twenty-four 
feet. It contains an alberene stone top laboratory table, 
alberene stone working shelves along the walls, two large 
alberene stone hoods, one for general use and the other for 
distillation and extraction work with inflammable solvents. 
All of the working space is piped for gas, water, blast and 
vacuum, and is wired for electrical connections. The 
equipment is thoroughly complete and up-to-date. Among 
other things may be mentioned the following apparatus : 
A penetration machine, float test apparatus, a motor-driven 
ductility machine, a motor-driven extractor for bituminous 
aggregates, an Ofl^ce of Public Roads melting point ap- 
paratus, viscosimeter, flash and fire testers, a cold chamber, 
an oven for volatilization tests equipped with a gas regu- 
lator, hot plates, a sulphur determination apparatus, and 
hot and cold extraction apparatus. In addition, it is well 
equipped with glass, porcelain, platinum and iron ware, 
and reagents for the usual chemical work. 

21 



In this laboratory petroleum and petroleum products^ 
tars and tar products, creosoting oils, asphalts, bituminous 
emulsions, bituminous aggregates and all other types of 
chemical road and paving materials, roofing materials, rub- 
ber, etc., are examined and tested. Chemical examina- 
tions of rocks, clays, cement, etc., are also made here, and 
researches conducted on improvements in industrial prod- 
ucts and processes and the utilization of waste products for 
road purposes. 

This Division of the Institute is under the supervision 




Extraction Hood— Bitumen Laboratory 

of Mr. Prevost Hubbard, who was formerly Chief Chem- 
ist of the Office of Public Roads, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. Mr. Hubbard is the author of 
"Dust Preventives and Road Binders" and of many other 
publications on similar subjects. He has had wide ex- 
perience in the examination and use of all types of road 
and paving materials, and has been engaged as lecturer on 
engineering chemistry in the new post-graduate course in 
highway engineering at Columbia University. 



22 



Although the Division Avas the last one organized, a con> 
siderable amount of work has already been accomplished. 
Important investigations have been conducted for the As-^ 
sociation of American Portland Cement Manufacturers, 
the results of which will become available to the public 
from time to time. Among the problems now being stud- 
ied are methods of preventing damage to Portland cement 
concrete by salt and alkaline water, the effect of tempera- 
ture and humidity upon the setting of cements, methods of 
water-proofing concrete, and methods of preventing dam- 




CoRNER OF Bitumen Laboratory 

age by electrolysis in concrete structures reinforced with 
Iron or steel. The utilization of concrete tanks for stor-^ 
ing various commercial liquors, and solutions used in in-^ 
dustrial processes is also being investigated. A large num- 
ber of concrete test pans have been constructed for this 
purpose, and a concrete test house for their storage. Test 
pans composed of Portland cement concrete prepared and 
treated In various ways, have been filled with various com- 
mercial liquors, both cold and hot, and the effect on both 

23 



concrete and liquor is being carefully studied. This work 
has been started owing to numerous requests for informa- 
tion on the part of manufacturers who desire to use con- 
crete tanks for storage purposes, and it is believed that the 
results will open up a new and important field for the utili- 
zation of cement. 

This Division is also engaged in an important investiga- 
tion of the relative value of different types of road and 
paving materials under various local conditions, and the 
inspection and supervision of roads and pavements of all 
types and their materials of construction. It is prepared 
to furnish specifications and advice regarding road and 
paving problems, and also improvements of materials and 
processes relating to the road and paving material indus- 
tries. The Division also engages in the preparation of 
expert evidence to be used in litigation when the purposes 
of clients are thoroughly straightforward and honest. 

The Institute invites to this Division the attention of all 
public services bodies, associations, corporations and indi- 
viduals who are interested in the manufacture and use of 
cements, concretes, road and paving materials and all other 
materials of construction. The interests of all clients of 
the Institute are carefully and loyally guarded in every 
way. 



24 




Corner of the Physical and Electrical Engineering LABORArukv 



DIVISION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, PHYSICS, 
AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY 

NEVIL MONROE HOPKINS, M.S., Ph.D., in Charge of Division 

THIS Division of the Institute is prepared to undertake 
experimental work in the field of applied electricity, 
physics and electrochemistry; to assist inventors in 
developing their ideas, machines or processes; to furnish 
scientific data to the Patent Office for such clients in cases 
of complicated applications, and to give expert testimony 
in patent litigation. The design of scientific instruments 
is made a specialty, as well as tests of motors, generators, 
transformers, lamps, primary and storage batteries, light- 
ning arresters, protective devices, fuses, circuit breakers, 
high and low tension magnetos, etc., etc. Certificates of 
tests will be furnished by the Institute when this is justified 
by the circumstances and the performance of the device 
warrants it. Special attention will also be given to all 
classes of electric automatic devices, and materials used in 
the various electrical arts and manufactures. In the field 
of heavy electrical engineering, the Institute is prepared to 
supply complete designs of central stations for light and 
power, as well as designs for isolated plants for towns and 
country residences. The preparation of specifications and 
the purchase for clients of materials in the foreign or do- 
mestic market is made a specialty. The laboratories of 
the Institute are equipped with standard instruments of 
precision for various kinds of electrical currents, direct and 
alternating, single and polyphase, of all commercial volt- 
ages and frequencies. Provision is also made for high 
voltages for the testing of insulation, and insulating com- 
pounds at commercial frequencies, as well as for very high 
voltages at high frequencies. Direct current of heavy 
amperage is available for welding, electrical furnace work, 
for making permanent magnets and for metallurgical and 
electrochemical processes. The experimental department 
includes every type of electrical measuring instrument; 

26 



such as ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, dynamometers, 
for both alternating and direct current, alternating and 
direct current comparators, oscillographs for wave form 
determinations of electro-motive force, current and power. 
Standards of resistance, inductance and capacity of the 
most approved pattern, also form a part of the equipment. 
Facilities for the testing of the magnetic properties of iron 
and steel are provided for, as well as constant and variable 
temperature space for studying the electrical properties of 
alloys. The equipment includes facilities for work in the 
field of wireless telegraphy and telephony, Roentgen rays, 
very high electrical pressures at high frequencies, and for 
experiments in electrical discharges through gases. In- 
vestigations and experiments at high and low temperatures 
can also be undertaken. 

The Division is under the immediate charge of Dr. 
Nevil Monroe Hopkins, who has had special training 
and practical experience in the field of electrical engineer- 
ing, applied physics, electrochemistry, and general ex- 
perimental work. Dr. Hopkins first studied the physical 
sciences during eight years spent in Germany and France. 
After this, he worked through the shops and various 
departments of the General Electric Company, at 
Schenectady, Xew York. After a number of years in 
machine shop and practical testing work. Dr. Hopkins 
took up university studies, specializing in physics, chem- 
istry and electrical engineering at the Corcoran Scien- 
tific School and at Columbian and Harvard Universities, 
taking successively the degrees of Bachelor of Science, 
Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Hop- 
kins has been associated for many years with Professor 
Charles E. Munroe as an assistant, later as Instructor and 
Assistant Professor in the School of Graduate Studies of 
The George Washington University. Dr. Hopkins has 
worked successfully upon a large number of electrical and 
physical problems for many large corporations, municipal- 
ities and individuals, and has been instrumental in the per- 
fecting of a number of noteworthy electrical inventions. 
He was appointed Electrical Engineer in the U. S. Xa\'y 

27 



Department by Ex-President Roosevelt, on account of the 
Consolidation of Power Plants at all Navy Yards and 
Naval Stations, and had to do with the entire field of elec- 
tricity ashore in the Navy, in designing central power sta- 
tions, lighting systems, the driving of heavy and light ma- 
chine tools by electric motors and the writing of standard 
specifications for all classes of electrical apparatus. Dr. 
Hopkins was appointed Mechanical Expert in the U. S. 
Office of Public Roads subsequent to the completion of the 
Navy work. He is the author of numerous scientific arti- 
cles and books. 



28 



DIVISION OF MILL PROBLEMS 

GEORGE W. COGGESHALL, Ph.D., in Charge of Division 

INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH demands the fullest cooperation 
between the producer or manufacturer and the investi- 
gation laboratory. It frequently becomes necessary to 
adapt laboratory results to the mill scale of operation, and 
in addition to this many problems are best studied in the 
actual field of manufacturing operation. The Division of 
Mill Problems has been organized to deal particularly with 
this phase of the work. The Division is under the super- 
vision of Dr. George W. Coggeshall, who is especially 
fitted by education and training to direct this w^ork. Dr. 
Coggeshall received his bachelor's degree at Grinnell, in 
1890; he then went to Germany and took his doctorate 
under the celebrated Professor Ostwald, at Leipzig. He 
was for several years instructor in Physical Chemistry at 
Harvard University^, and for the last ten years has been 
engaged in manufacturing and applied chemistry. A spe- 
cialty is made of designs and estimates for modernizing 
old industrial plants and the construction of new ones. 
The adaptation of patented processes and products to the 
commercial scale of operation is a branch of the work 
which it is believed will be found useful by inventors and 
capitalists who are attempting to develop new lines of in- 
dustry or improve old ones. Dr. Coggeshall's special 
training, taken in conjunction with the broad field covered 
by the various Divisions of the Institute, is a guarantee of 
efficient service along these special lines. 

This Division has been engaged on a number of prob- 
lems of a highly important nature, some of which have 
been successfully solved, w^hile others promise to develop 
interesting results. It is believed that the coordination of 
theory with practice, that is made possible by this Division, 
will be appreciated by producers and manufacturers who 
wish to broaden or reduce the costs of their production by 
availing themselves of the latest and best scientific methods. 



29 



„y,BRARY OF 




019 713 491 4 



Press of Judd & I>rtweiler, Jm 



